Iindlela kunye neendlela zokungena kweziqhamo zamaShishini angaphandle kwiMarike yaseTshayina

I-China yeyona nkampani inkulu emhlabeni ethenga iziqhamo kwaye ingenisa iziqhamo kwamanye amazwe. Ngo-2024, inani lilonke leziqhamo ezingeniswayo lifikelele kwi-13.5 yezigidi zeetoni, ixabiso lokungenisa lingaphezulu kwe-120 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan. Phakathi kwazo, iziqhamo ezintsha zibalwa kwi-82% yezinto ezingeniswayo, ikakhulu kubandakanya iicherry, iidurian, iimangosteen, iiblueberries, iidiliya, njl.njl., ezivela kumazwe angaphezu kwama-30 kunye nemimandla efana neChile, iThailand, iVietnam, i-United States, neNew Zealand. Ukungena kweziqhamo eTshayina ngamashishini angaphandle kufuneka kuhambelane ngokungqongqo neemfuno "zeMiqathango yokuLawula noLawulo loHlolo kunye nokuValelwa kweziqhamo ezingeniswayo", "uMthetho woKhuseleko lokutya", "uMthetho woMgangatho weMveliso yezoLimo kunye noKhuseleko", kunye neemfuno zomthetho zoLawulo oluPhezulu lwezeMithetho, uMphathiswa wezoLimo kunye neMicimbi yaseMaphandleni, uLawulo lweSizwe lwezeHlathi kunye neGrassland kunye namanye amasebe, kwaye bagqithe kwimiqobo emininzi efana novavanyo lokufikelela, imvume yokuvalelwa, ulawulo lwekhonkco elibandayo, kunye nokulandeleka komgangatho. Eli nqaku lihlalutya ngokucwangcisiweyo iindlela zokungena eziphambili kunye neenkcukacha ezisebenzayo, licacisa iindlela ezisemthethweni zophando lomgaqo-nkqubo, lichaza ubungakanani, umahluko, kunye neendlela zokusebenza kweemarike zedomeyini zikarhulumente nezabucala, kwaye licacisa ixabiso eliphambili lokusebenzisana ne-chinaenthub.com China Market Access Service Centre ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kakuhle kokungena, ukunciphisa iingozi zokuthobela imithetho, kunye nokwandisa isabelo semarike.

I. Iindlela Eziphambili Neenkcukacha Ezisebenzayo Zeziqhamo Zamashishini Angaphandle Eziza Kungena ETshayina

Ngokweemfuno zolawulo zaseTshayina kunye neempawu zemveliso yeziqhamo (iziqhamo ezintsha/iziqhamo ezicutshungulweyo, indawo enkulu/ephezulu, ubushushu obuqhelekileyo/uthotho olubandayo), iziqhamo zamashishini angaphandle zingena kakhulu eTshayina ngeendlela ezintathu eziphambili: ukungenisa urhwebo ngokubanzi, ukwakhiwa kwe-joint venture/ukwakhiwa kweziseko zokucubungula/zokugcina ezintsha, kunye nokunikezelwa ngokuthe ngqo kwe-e-commerce ngaphesheya kwemida. Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zahluka kakhulu kwiimfuno zokufaneleka, ubunzima benkqubo, iimfuno zokugcina ezintsha, kunye nokuziqhelanisa nemarike, kwaye kufuneka zikhethwe ngokuchanekileyo ngokusekelwe kumandla eshishini, iimpawu zemveliso, kunye nesicwangciso semarike.

(I) Ukungenisa iimveliso zoRhwebo Jikelele: Indlela Eqhelekileyo Yobuninzi, Efanelekileyo Kuzo Zonke Iintlobo Zeziqhamo Ezintsha Neziqhamo Ezilungisiweyo Ezisemgangathweni

Ukungenisa urhwebo ngokubanzi yindlela ephambili yokuba iziqhamo zamashishini angaphandle zingene kwimarike yaseTshayina, zilungele iziqhamo ezintsha ezininzi ezifana neetsheri, iidurian, kunye neemangosteen, kunye neziqhamo ezilungisiweyo ezisemgangathweni ezifana neejusi zeziqhamo, iijam, kunye neziqhamo ezomisiweyo. Iingenelo zale ndlela zikwiinkqubo zorhwebo ezivuthiweyo, ukugubungela imarike ngokubanzi, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokujikeleza kwegazi, okunokufezekisa ukusasazwa okukhulu. Nangona kunjalo, kuyimfuneko ukugqiba ngokungqongqo uphononongo lokuthobela inkqubo epheleleyo, ngakumbi kwiziqhamo ezitsha, ezineemfuno eziphezulu kakhulu zokuvunywa kokuvalelwa, ulawulo lwekhonkco elibandayo, kunye neenkqubo zokulandeleka.

1. Inkqubo Ebalulekileyo Esebenzayo (Kubandakanya iiNode Eziphambili Zokuthobela Umthetho)

① Ukuqinisekiswa Kokufikelela Kwangaphambili: Okokuqala, qinisekisa ukuba ilizwe lemveliso elivela kulo kunye nodidi lwayo ziyahlangabezana na neemfuno zokufikelela zaseTshayina - kuyimfuneko ukubuza "Uluhlu lwaMazwe okanye iiNgingqi ezihlangabezana neemfuno zoVavanyo kunye nokuHlola kwaye zineRhwebo lweMveli lokuthumela iziqhamo eTshayina" olukhutshwe yi-General Administration of Customs ukuqinisekisa ukuba uhlobo lweziqhamo lufikelelekile; iigadi zeziqhamo zaphesheya kunye neefektri zokucubungula nokupakisha kufuneka zigqibezele ubhaliso kwi-General Administration of Customs (into ebalulekileyo kwiziqhamo ezitsha, kwaye iziqinisekiso zamashishini okucubungula kufuneka ziqinisekiswe kwiziqhamo ezicutshungulweyo). Abangenisi basekhaya kufuneka bagcwalise ifayile yabangenisi kwaye bafake isicelo se-"Ifomu yokuVunywa kokuValelwa kweziqhamo ezingenisiweyo" kwangaphambili (umjikelo wesicelo seziqhamo ezitsha ziintsuku ezi-5-7 zokusebenza, ekufuneka zicacise ubungakanani bokungenisa, umthombo wegadi/ifektri yokupakisha, indlela yokuthutha kunye nesicwangciso se-cold chain; inkqubo yokuvunywa kweziqhamo ezicutshungulweyo ilula kakhulu).

② Ukulungiselela uxwebhu kunye nokuPakisha: Kubalulekile ukulungiselela amaxwebhu apheleleyo afana nesatifikethi esisemthethweni se-phytosanitary selizwe elithumela ngaphandle (esibonisa ngokucacileyo uhlobo lwesiqhamo, imvelaphi, inombolo yobhaliso yegadi/ifektri yokupakisha, kunye nendlela yonyango lokuvalelwa), isivumelwano sorhwebo, ibhili yomthwalo, uluhlu lokupakisha, kunye nesatifikethi semvelaphi; ukupakishwa kweziqhamo ezintsha kufuneka kuhlangabezane neemfuno ezimbini: zombini ukupakishwa kwangaphakathi nangaphandle kufuneka kubonise ilizwe lemvelaphi, inombolo yobhaliso lwegadi, inombolo yobhaliso lwefektri yokupakisha, kunye nenombolo yebhetshi yemveliso, kwaye kufuneka kube nemisebenzi yokungena komoya kunye nokugcina ubutsha, kwaye kuphawulwe imiqondiso yesilumkiso efana "neziqhamo ezintsha" kunye "nobuthathaka, uloyiko loxinzelelo"; ukupakishwa kweziqhamo ezicutshungulweyo kufuneka kuhambelane ne-GB 7718 "Imithetho Jikelele yoKhuseleko loKutya lweSizwe yokuLeyibhelishwa kokutya okuPakishwe kwangaphambili", ebonisa ngokucacileyo izithako, umhla wemveliso, ixesha lokuphelelwa kunye nolunye ulwazi.

③ Ulawulo lweTyathanga elibandayo kunye nokuThuthwa: Iziqhamo ezitsha kufuneka zithuthwe ngetyathanga elibandayo kuyo yonke inkqubo. Izixhobo zokuthutha kufuneka zibulawe iintsholongwane kwangaphambili kwaye kugcinwe iirekhodi. Ubushushu kufuneka bulawulwe ngaphakathi koluhlu olufanelekileyo kwimveliso (umz., 0-4℃ kwiitsheri, 18-22℃ kwiidurian), kwaye idatha yobushushu kufuneka irekhodwe kuyo yonke inkqubo ukuze kuhlolwe irhafu.

④ Ukukhululwa kweSivumelwano sokuHlola nokuHlola iRhafu: Emva kokuba iimpahla zifike kwindawo emiselweyo yokujonga, i-General Administration of Customs iya kwenza uphononongo lwamaxwebhu ngokulandelelana, uhlolo lwangaphakathi (ukuqinisekiswa kwamaxwebhu kunye neempahla, iileyibhile zokupakisha, imeko yeemvakalelo, iirekhodi zobushushu betsheyini ebandayo), kunye nokuhlolwa kweesampuli (kugxilwe ekufumaneni izinambuzane nezifo, iintsalela zezibulali-zinambuzane, kunye neentsimbi ezinzima; uhlolo olongezelelweyo lwezinga lokubola kweziqhamo ezitsha); emva kovavanyo lokufaneleka, "Isatifikethi soHlolo kunye nokuValelwa kwiimpahla ezingenayo" siya kukhutshwa ngaphambi kokuba zingene kwimarike ukuze zisasazwe. Kwiindidi eziphantsi kolawulo lwe-"Smart Customs" (ezifana neeCherry zaseChile kunye needurian zaseThai), uhlolo olukhawulezileyo lunokufezekiswa ngokubhengezwa kwangaphambili kunye nothungelwano lwedatha, kwaye ukusebenza kakuhle kokucoca irhafu kunokuphuculwa ngaphezulu kwe-40%.

2. Inkxaso yeTyala kunye neDatha

Isikhulu seziqhamo saseChile i-Empresas Falabella sinikezela ngeetsheri eTshayina ngokungenisa urhwebo ngokubanzi. Ngo-2024, inani lilonke leetsheri ezithunyelwe eTshayina lifikelele kwiitoni ezili-120,000, ezibalelwa kwi-35% yexabiso lilonke leetsheri ezithunyelwe eTshayina, apho intengiso idlula kwi-8 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan. Isitshixo sempumelelo yaso sikukugqiba ukubhaliswa kweziqhamo zayo ezingaphezu kwama-20 kunye noLawulo oluPhezulu lweMithetho kwangaphambili, ukuseka inkqubo epheleleyo yokulandelela uthotho olubandayo, kunye nokuthembela kwi-China-Chile Customs "Rapid Inspection Channel" ukuze ifinyeze ixesha lokususwa kwerhafu libe kwiintsuku ezi-3 kwaye ilawule izinga lokubola elingaphantsi kwe-2%. Idatha ibonisa ukuba ngo-2024, iziqhamo ezingeniswe ngorhwebo ngokubanzi zazibalelwa kwi-88% yexabiso lilonke leziqhamo ezithunyelwe eTshayina, phakathi kwazo iChile, iThailand, kunye neVietnam yayingamazwe aphambili anikezelayo, ebalelwa kwi-26%, 22%, kunye ne-15% ngokwahlukeneyo; Ukususela ngoJanuwari ukuya kuJuni 2025, i-General Administration of Customs kuzwelonke ihlole yaza yakhupha iitoni ezizizigidi ezi-6.9 zeziqhamo ezingenisiweyo, ukunyuka kwe-5.2% unyaka nonyaka, kwaye inani leziqhamo ezintsha ezingenisiweyo linyuke laya kwi-85%, nto leyo egxininisa inzuzo eqhubekayo yorhwebo ngokubanzi.

3. Ixabiso lokuXhobisa ngeNtsebenziswano

I-chinaenthub.com inokubonelela ngokuthobela yonke inkqubo kunye nesikhokelo esisebenzayo: qinisekisa uluhlu lweziqhamo ezifanelekileyo ukungeniswa eTshayina zivela kwilizwe lazo kunye neemfuno zobhaliso lweegadi zeziqhamo/iifektri zokupakisha kwangaphambili, ukunceda amashishini aphesheya kwezilwandle ekugcwaliseni ubhaliso kwi-General Administration of Customs, kunye nokuphepha iingozi ezibulalayo ezifana "neentlobo ezingavunywanga" kunye "namashishini angabhaliswanga"; nceda ekufakeni isicelo se-"Ifomu yokuVunywa kweZiqhamo eziNgenisiweyo", lungisa kwaye uphonononge ukuphelela koluhlu lwamaxwebhu olufunekayo ukuqinisekisa inkqubela egudileyo yenkqubo yokuvunywa; khokela uyilo lweelebhile zokupakisha iziqhamo ezitsha kunye nokwenziwa kwezicwangciso ze-cold chain, nxibelelana namashishini e-cold chain athobela imithetho, kwaye uqinisekise ukuba ubushushu bothutho buhlangabezana nemigangatho; nceda ekunxibelelaneni ne-"Smart Customs" itshaneli yokuhlola ngokukhawuleza, nciphisa umjikelo wokususwa kwerhafu oqhelekileyo ngaphezulu kwe-35%, kwaye unciphise ukulahleka kokubola kweziqhamo ezitsha.

(II) I-Joint Venture/Ukwakhiwa kwe-Processing/Iziseko zokuGcina ezitsha yi-External Venture/Iziseko zokuGcina ezitsha: Indlela yokuNciphisa iingcambu enzulu, efanelekile ukuGcinwa kweZityalo eziHlala kunye nokuGcinwa kweZityalo ezitsha.

Kumashishini angaphandle anamandla amakhulu emali kunye nezicwangciso zokukhulisa nzulu imakethi yaseTshayina ixesha elide, ukumisela iziseko zokucubungula iziqhamo (ezifana neefektri zejusi yeziqhamo kunye neefektri zokucubungula iziqhamo ezomisiweyo) okanye iziseko zokugcina iziqhamo ezintsha (ezifana neendawo zokugcina iziqhamo ezintsha ezishushu rhoqo kunye namaziko okusasaza i-cold chain) ngokusebenzisa amashishini adibeneyo okanye imisebenzi ephethwe ngabangaphandle ngokupheleleyo lukhetho olufanelekileyo. Le ndlela inokufezekisa ukucubungula kunye nokugcina iziqhamo ezintsha kwindawo, inciphise iirhafu zokungenisa kunye nelahleko zothutho, kwaye ihambelane ngokuchanekileyo neemfuno zemarike esecaleni yaseTshayina (ezifana nezinto eziluhlaza zejusi yeziqhamo kumashishini okupheka kunye neziqhamo ezintsha ezisikiweyo kwiivenkile ezinkulu). Nangona kunjalo, ifuna utyalo-mali olukhulu lokuqala kunye nomjikelo omde wokuvunywa, kwaye kufuneka idlule kwimida emininzi efana nomhlaba, ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, kunye neelayisenisi zemveliso yokutya.

1. Amanqaku Aphambili Asebenzayo

• Umgaqo-nkqubo oMiselweyo: Ukukhethwa kwendawo yesiseko kufuneka kuthintelwe iindawo zokhuseleko lwendalo kunye neendawo zokuhlala. Iziseko zokugcina izinto ezintsha mazihambelane ne-"Agricultural Product Cold Chain Logistics Service Specifications". Iziseko zokucubungula kufuneka zixhotyiswe ngeendawo zokunyanga amanzi amdaka kunye negesi yenkunkuma ezihlangabezana nemigangatho, kwaye ziphumelele uvavanyo lwempembelelo yokusingqongileyo kunye nokwamkelwa kwamasebe okhuseleko lokusingqongileyo; iziseko zokucubungula kufuneka zifake izicelo zeelayisenisi zemveliso yokutya kumasebe olawulo lwemarike kwaye ziseke inkqubo yokulandelela umgangatho wecandelo elipheleleyo ukusuka ekuthengweni kwezinto eziluhlaza ukuya ekuthengisweni kwemveliso egqityiweyo.

• Indlela yokukhetha iNtsebenziswano: Ulwakhiwo lwe-joint venture lunokungena ngokukhawuleza ngezixhobo zesiteshi kunye nenethiwekhi ye-cold chain yamashishini asekuhlaleni (afana nePagoda, iJoyvio Group); ulwakhiwo oluphethwe ngabangaphandle lunamalungelo olawulo apheleleyo, kodwa kuyimfuneko ukwakha ngokuzimeleyo inethiwekhi yokuhambisa kunye nentengiso.

• Ulawulo lwezinto eziluhlaza: Ukuba kusetyenziswa izinto eziluhlaza ezivela kwamanye amazwe, kufuneka kulandelwe imigaqo efanelekileyo yokungenisa izinto zorhwebo ngokubanzi; ukuba kuthengwa izinto eziluhlaza ezivela kwamanye amazwe, kufuneka zithobele i-GB 2762 "National Food Safety Standards of Contaminants in Foods" yaseTshayina, i-GB 2763 "National Food Safety Standards Maximum Residue Limits of Pesticides in Foods" kunye nezinye iimfuno.

2. Uhlalutyo lwetyala

I-Charoen Pokphand Group yaseThailand igxile kwimarike yokucubungula iziqhamo yaseTshayina ngokusebenzisa imodeli yokudibanisa: ngo-2022, yaseka i-Joyvio CP Food Co., Ltd. ngokubambisana ne-Joyvio Group, yakha isiseko esikhulu sokucubungula iziqhamo zasetropiki eHainan esinomthamo wokucubungula wonyaka weetoni ezingama-50,000, ikakhulu silungisa i-durian pulp, iinxalenye ze-mangosteen kunye nezinye iimveliso. Ixhomekeke kwinethiwekhi yokusasazwa kwe-cold chain yasekuhlaleni ye-Joyvio, iimveliso zikhawuleze zagubungela iivenkile ezinkulu kunye neendlela zokupheka kumaphondo angaphezu kwama-30 kunye nezixeko kulo lonke ilizwe; kwangaxeshanye, ingenise ubuchwepheshe obuphambili bokugcina iziqhamo obuvela eThailand ukwandisa ubomi beshelufu yemveliso ukuya kwiinyanga ezili-12. Ngo-2024, umthamo wentengiso yenkampani yokudibanisa iziqhamo ufikelele kwi-1.8 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan, nto leyo ethetha i-65% yentengiso iyonke yeshishini leziqhamo le-Charoen Pokphand Group eTshayina. Ityala elifanayo yi-Zespri Group yaseNew Zealand, eyaseka iziko lokugcina iziqhamo kunye nokusasazwa kwazo eShanghai eliphethwe ngabangaphandle. Ngowama-2024, ngeli ziko, ixesha lokuhanjiswa kwe-kiwifruits eTshayina lafinyezwa laya kwiiyure ezingama-48, kwaye isabelo semarike sanda saya kwi-28%.

3. Ixabiso lokuXhobisa ngeNtsebenziswano

I-chinaenthub.com inokubonelela ngeenkonzo zokubonisana ezisebenza ngokupheleleyo zokwakha iziseko: ukunceda ekwenzeni uhlalutyo lomgaqo-nkqubo, ukucacisa ukhetho lwerhafu, imigaqo-nkqubo yomhlaba kunye nenkxaso-mali ye-cold chain kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo (njengeendawo zorhwebo olukhululekileyo kunye neepaki zoshishino zezolimo); ukunxibelelana nezixhobo zamaqabane asekuhlaleni ezikumgangatho ophezulu ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokungalingani kolwazi kwiingxoxo zentsebenziswano; ukukhokela ukugqitywa kweenkqubo zokuvunywa ezifana novavanyo lwempembelelo yokusingqongileyo kunye nesicelo selayisenisi yemveliso yokutya, ukunceda ekusekeni inkqubo yokulandelela umgangatho ehlangabezana nemigangatho yaseTshayina, kunye nokunciphisa umjikelo oqhelekileyo wokulungiselela iprojekthi ngeenyanga ezi-8-12.

(III) Ubonelelo oluQhelekileyo lwe-E-Commerce oluQhelekileyo: Indlela ekhawulezayo yokufikelela, ifanelekile kwiziqhamo ezitsha ezikumgangatho ophezulu kunye neziqhamo ezicutshungulwayo

Ukuhanjiswa ngqo kwe-e-commerce phesheya kwemida kulungele iziqhamo ezitsha eziphezulu (ezifana neediliya zaseJapan Koshihikari, ii-kiwifruits zaseNew Zealand SunGold, ii-blackcurrants zaseFransi), iziqhamo zendalo kunye neziqhamo ezicutshungulwayo (ezifana neziqhamo ezomisiweyo eziqandisiweyo, ii-smoothies zeziqhamo) kunye nezinye iimveliso. Ixhomekeke kwi-bonded warehouse okanye imodeli yeposi ethe ngqo, inokufikelela ngokukhawuleza kumaqela abathengi abancinci kunye namashishini okutya aphezulu ngaphandle kokufaka izicelo zeelayisenisi zemveliso yokutya yasekhaya. Nangona kunjalo, inqunyelwe zizinto ezifana ne-single-order quota (umda omnye wokungeniswa kwe-e-commerce phesheya kwemida yi-5,000 yuan), iindleko eziphezulu zothutho, kunye nobunzima obuphezulu bokugcina ukutya okutsha, okwenza kube nzima ukufikelela kulwabiwo olukhulu.

1. Iinkcukacha eziPhambili eziSebenzayo

Kuyimfuneko ukuhlala kwiindawo ezihambelanayo ne-e-commerce ezifana neTmall Global, JD Worldwide, kunye neHema Cross-Border Shopping. Iimveliso kufuneka zihambelane nemigangatho yomgangatho welizwe elivela kulo kunye neemfuno zolawulo zokutya okungeniswe e-commerce eTshayina; iziqhamo ezintsha kufuneka zamkele imodeli ethi "bonded warehouse pre-positioning + full cold chain" ukuqinisekisa ukuba imveliso itsha; iileyibhile zaseTshayina zinokusebenzisa uhlobo "lweeleyibhile ze-elektroniki + izincamathiselo zephepha", kwaye umxholo ophawulweyo kufuneka uhambelane nemigangatho ye-GB 7718, ebonisa ngokucacileyo uhlobo lweziqhamo, ilizwe elivela kulo, igadi yezityalo, ixesha elihlala lihleli, iimfuno zobushushu be-cold chain kunye nolunye ulwazi; iziqhamo eziphilayo kufuneka zibonelele ngesatifikethi sesatifikethi se-organic esivela kwilizwe elivela kulo kwaye zigqibezele ukufakela kwiisebe ezifanelekileyo zaseTshayina.

2. Ityala kunye neDatha

Uhlobo lweediliya zaseJapan "iKoshihikari" lungene kwimarike yaseTshayina ngemodeli ye-JD Worldwide's bonded warehouse, luthutha ngqo iidiliya zaseKoshihikari eziphezulu ukusuka e-Okayama, eJapan ukuya e-Ningbo Bonded Warehouse eTshayina, kwaye luxhomekeke kwinethiwekhi yokusasazwa kwe-JD's cold chain ukuze lufezekise ukuhanjiswa kwiiyure ezingama-48 kwizixeko eziphambili kulo lonke ilizwe. Ngo-2024, umthamo wokuthengiswa kwetshaneli ye-e-commerce ye-brand enqamlezileyo ufikelele kwi-320 yezigidi zeeyuan, ukunyuka konyaka nonyaka kwe-58%, kwaye izinga lokuthengwa kwakhona lifikelele kwi-42%. Idatha ibonisa ukuba ngo-2024, ubungakanani beziqhamo zaseTshayina ezingenise kwi-e-commerce enqamlezileyo zifikelele kwi-9.8 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan, ukunyuka konyaka nonyaka kwe-45%, apho iziqhamo ezintsha eziphezulu zifikelele ngaphezulu kwe-70% kwaye iziqhamo eziphilayo zifikelele kwi-22%, ziba ngumjelo obalulekileyo kumashishini angaphandle ukuphuhlisa iimarike ze-niche eziphezulu.

3. Ixabiso lokuXhobisa ngeNtsebenziswano

I-chinaenthub.com inokubonelela ngenkxaso yokuthobela imithetho kunye nokusebenza kwe-e-commerce ewela imida: inceda ekugqibezeleni uphononongo lweziqinisekiso zokusonjululwa kweqonga, icacise imigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu ye-e-commerce ewela imida (imithetho eneenkcukacha zokunciphisa irhafu kunye nexabiso kunye nokukhululwa kwirhafu) kunye neemfuno ze-quota ye-oda enye; iphucule uyilo lwelebheli yemveliso kwaye incede ekugqibezeleni ukufakwa kwezatifikethi zesatifikethi se-organic; iqhagamshelane namashishini e-logistics ewela imida aneziqinisekiso ze-fresh cold chain, iseke inkqubo yokulandelela i-full-chain cold chain "ye-overseas warehouse - bonded warehouse - consumer", kwaye ilawule izinga lokubola kweziqhamo ezintsha ezingaphantsi kwe-3%; ikhokela ukwakhiwa kwezicwangciso zokusebenza kweqonga kwaye iphephe umngcipheko wokususwa kweqonga ngenxa yemiba yokuthobela imithetho.

II. Iindlela zoPhando oluPhambili lweMigaqo-nkqubo ukuze iziqhamo zamaShishini angaphandle zingene eTshayina (iiWebhusayithi zamaSebe afanelekileyo aseTshayina)

Ngaphambi kokuba angene kwimarike yeziqhamo yaseTshayina, amashishini angaphandle kufuneka agqibe umsebenzi wokuqala ofana nokuqinisekiswa kweziqinisekiso zokufikelela, ukutolikwa komgaqo-nkqubo, kunye nophando oluqhelekileyo kwiiwebhusayithi ezisemthethweni zamasebe aseTshayina ukuze aqhagamshelane ngokuchanekileyo neemfuno zomthetho kwaye aphephe umngcipheko wokungalingani kolwazi. Ezi zilandelayo ziindlela eziphambili zophando kunye neenkcazo zomsebenzi:

1. Amaqonga oPhando afanelekileyo oLawulo Jikelele lwezeRhafu

• Uphando loLuhlu lweZiqhamo Ezifanelekileyo Ukungeniswa eTshayina: http://dzs.customs.gov.cn/dzs/2747042/6787828/index.html, olunokubuza ngeentlobo zeziqhamo kunye namazwe ahambelanayo avela kuwo ahlangabezana neemfuno zokufikelela eTshayina kwaye luqinisekise ukuba iimveliso zifanelekile na ukungena eTshayina.

• Uphando loLuhlu loBhaliso lweeNdawo zeMithi zaNgaphandle kunye neeFektri zoPakisho zeZiqhamo eziThengisiweyo: https://online.customs.gov.cn/ociswebserver/pages/jjscx/jjscx_index.html, olunokubuza ulwazi lweendawo zemithi kunye neefektri zokupakisha zangaphandle ezigqibile ukubhalisa kwi-General Administration of Customs kwaye luqinisekise ukuba amashishini entsebenziswano ayathobela na imithetho.

• "Uphando loLwazi lokuhlolwa kweZilwanyana neZityalo" kwi-Intanethi + iMithetho: https://online.customs.gov.cn/ociswebserver/pages/dzjxxcx/index.html, ebonelela ngeenkonzo ezifana nenkqubela phambili yokucubungula "Ifomu yokuVunywa kokuValelwa kweZiqhamo eziNgenisiweyo" kunye nophando oluqhelekileyo lokuvalelwa, olugubungela ulwazi oluphambili lokuvunywa kokuvalelwa kweziqhamo.

2. Iindlela zoPhando ezifanelekileyo zeSebe lezoLimo neMicimbi yaseMaphandleni

• Iwebhusayithi Esemthethweni yeOfisi yoLawulo loMgangatho weMveliso yezoLimo kunye noKhuseleko kwiSebe lezoLimo neMicimbi yaseMaphandleni: http://nongye.moa.gov.cn/nyb/zt/scpzlaq/index.shtml, enokubuza imigangatho yomgangatho efana neentsalela zezibulali-zinambuzane kunye neentsimbi ezinzima kwiziqhamo, kunye neemfuno zokwakha iinkqubo zokulandelelwa kwemveliso yezolimo.

• Iziko leDatha leSebe lezoLimo neMicimbi yaseMaphandleni laseTshayina: http://data.moa.gov.cn/, elibonelela ngolwazi olugunyazisiweyo olufana nedatha yorhwebo lokungenisa nokuthumela iziqhamo ngaphandle, idatha yokubonelela ngemarike yasekhaya kunye nemfuno, kunye neempawu zamaxabiso, ukunceda amashishini angaphandle ukuba aqonde iindlela zorhwebo olukhulu.

3. Iindlela ezifanelekileyo zoPhando loLawulo lweSizwe lwezeHlathi kunye neMihlaba yengca

• Iwebhusayithi Esemthethweni yoLawulo lweSizwe lwezeHlathi kunye neNgcambu: http://www.forestry.gov.cn/, enokubuza ngemigaqo-nkqubo enxulumene nokutyalwa kunye nokulungiswa kweziqhamo ezithile zemithi (ezifana neediliya, iitsheri, iikiwifruits), kunye neemfuno zomthetho zokungenisa nokuthumela iimveliso zehlathi kwamanye amazwe.

4. Amaqonga Ophando Afanelekileyo Olawulo Lwelizwe Lolawulo Lwemarike

• Iwebhusayithi Esemthethweni yoLawulo lweLizwe loLawulo lweeMarike (http://www.samr.gov.cn/), enokubuza ngemibhalo esemgangathweni efana ne-GB 7718 "Imithetho Jikelele yoKhuseleko lokutya lweSizwe yokuLeyibhelishwa kokutya okupakishwe kwangaphambili" kunye ne-GB 2762 "Imiqathango yoKhuseleko lokutya lweSizwe yokuNgcolisa ukutya", ukuqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho wemveliso kunye noyilo lweelebheli ziyahambelana.

5. Ixabiso lokuXhobisa ngeNtsebenziswano

I-chinaentryhub.com inokubonelela ngesikhokelo senkqubo epheleleyo kwimibuzo esemthethweni yewebhusayithi: ukulungisa imisebenzi ephambili yophando kunye neendawo zokusebenza kwiiwebhusayithi ezahlukeneyo zamasebe, ukunceda amashishini angaphandle ekufumaneni ulwazi olufunekayo ngokukhawuleza (njengoluhlu lweziqhamo ezifanelekileyo ukungeniswa, imeko yobhaliso lwegadi zaphesheya, kunye nemigangatho yomgangatho); ukutolika iziqendu zobungcali kumaxwebhu omgaqo-nkqubo (njengeenkqubo zokuvunywa kokuvalelwa kunye neemfuno zolawulo lwekhonkco elibandayo) ukuthintela ukulibaziseka kokufikelela okubangelwa kukungaqondani kwemigaqo-nkqubo; ukuhlaziya rhoqo amandla omgaqo-nkqubo (njengeentlobo zeziqhamo ezisandula ukufakelwa ezifanelekileyo ukungeniswa kunye nokulungiswa kwimigangatho yomgangatho), ukubonelela ngezilumkiso kwangethuba zotshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo kunye neengcebiso zokuphendula kumashishini, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa okuqhubekayo kwenkqubo yokungena eTshayina.

III. Amaqhinga Okusebenza KweeMarike Zikawonke-wonke Zeziqhamo ZaseTshayina NezeDomain Zabucala (Umlinganiselo, Umahluko kunye Neendlela Zokusebenza)

Emva kokugqiba ukufikelela kwimarike yeziqhamo yaseTshayina, amashishini angaphandle kufuneka ahambelane ngokuchanekileyo noyilo lweemarike zemimandla yoluntu neyabucala kwaye athembele kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo ukuze afikelele ekungeneni okusebenzayo. Ngokwedatha evela kwi-China Fruit Circulation Association, ubungakanani bemarike yokuthengisa iziqhamo yaseTshayina budlule kwi-3.2 trillion yuan ngo-2024, apho imarike yoluntu ibingaphezulu kwe-90%, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yeyona ndlela iphambili yokujikeleza kweziqhamo; ubungakanani bemarike yemimandla yabucala budlule kwi-320 billion yuan, ukunyuka konyaka nonyaka kwe-38%, okuba yinjini ephambili yokukhula. Ezi zimbini zinomahluko omkhulu kwiimpawu zendlela, ingqiqo yokusebenza, kunye neemfuno zokugcina izinto ezintsha, kwaye kufuneka kusetyenziswe amaqhinga okusebenza ahlukeneyo.

1. Umahluko phakathi kwePublic Domain kunye neePrivate Domain Markets

(1) Idatha yesikali seMarike

Ngowama-2024, isikali semarike yeziqhamo zikawonke-wonke yaseTshayina sadlula i-2.88 trillion yuan, apho iivenkile ezinkulu kunye neevenkile zeziqhamo ezithengiswayo zazimalunga ne-60% (ezifana nePagoda, iHema Fresh), amaqonga e-e-commerce apheleleyo (iTmall, iJD Fresh) zazimalunga ne-25%, kwaye iimarike zabalimi zazimalunga ne-5%; isikali semarike ye-domain yabucala sasidlula i-320 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan, ikakhulu zigxile kwimimandla yeziqhamo ezintsha ezikumgangatho ophezulu kunye neziqhamo eziphilayo, kwaye izinga lokuthengwa kwakhona kweempawu eziphambili zeziqhamo ezikumgangatho ophezulu kwicandelo labucala linokufikelela ngaphezulu kwe-45%. Ngowama-2024, umthamo wokuthengiswa kweZespri kiwifruits zaseNew Zealand eTshayina wanda nge-22%, apho itshaneli ye-supermarket ye-domain kawonke-wonke yanikela nge-55% yentengiso kwaye itshaneli yoluntu ye-domain yabucala yanikela nge-20% yentengiso, ifezekisa ukukhula okudibeneyo kwemijelo emibini.

(2) Umahluko oPhambili

2. Iindlela Zokusebenza Ezisebenzayo ZeeMarike Zedomeyini Zikawonke-wonke NezeDomeyini Zabucala (Kubandakanya Amatyala)

(1) Iindlela Zokusebenza Kwemarike Yoluntu

• Ukuzinza nokusebenza kwiiPlatforms ze-E-Commerce: Khetha iiplatforms ezifana neTmall Fresh, JD Fresh, kunye neHema Fresh, kwaye wenze imisebenzi ngokuxhomekeke kwiingenelo zetrafikhi yeplatform. Umzekelo, iiChilean Empresas Falabella zahlala eTmall Fresh, kwaye ngokusebenzisa imodeli "yokuthengisa kwangaphambili + ukuhanjiswa ngqo kwemvelaphi", zavala iiodolo kwangaphambili kwaye zaququzelela ukuthuthwa kwee-cold chain. Ngo-2024, umthamo wentengiso wetshaneli yeTmall wafikelela kwi-2.5 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi zeerandi, apho ii-odolo zangaphambi kokuthengisa zazibalelwa kwi-60%, nto leyo eyanciphisa ngempumelelo umngcipheko weempahla ezingathengiswanga. Kubalulekile ukugxila kwiimfuno zokuthobela iplatform, ezinje ngokumakishwa kweelebheli, ukufakwa kwerekhodi yobushushu bee-cold chain, kunye nokupapashwa kwengxelo yokuhlolwa komgangatho.

• Intsebenziswano neeSupermarket kunye neeChain Fruit Stores: Qhagamshelana neesupermarket ezinkulu kunye neevenkile zeziqhamo ezifana nePagoda, iChina Resources Vanguard, kunye neWalmart ukuze kufezekiswe ukusasazwa okukhulu. Ngenkampani yayo yokubambisana, iCharoen Pokphand Group yaseThailand isebenzisana nePagoda ukuqalisa iimveliso ze-durian pulp ezenziwe ngokwezifiso. Ngo-2024, umthamo wentengiso wesitishi sesupermarket ufikelele kwi-1.2 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi, nto leyo ethetha i-67% yenani lilonke lentengiso yenkampani yokubambisana.

(2) Iindlela Zokusebenza Kwemarike Yabucala

• Ukunqongophala kweTrafikhi yeDomain yaBucala: Khupha iividiyo ezimfutshane zokulandelelwa kwemvelaphi yeziqhamo, ukuthandwa kolwazi olutsha, izifundo zokungcamla iziqhamo eziphezulu kunye neminye imixholo ngokusebenzisa iindlela zikawonke-wonke (iDouyin, iXiaohongshu, iZhihu), kwaye usebenzise "iikhuphoni zesaphulelo ezikhethekileyo" kunye "nokungcamla iziqhamo eziphezulu" njengezikhonkwane ukukhokela abasebenzisi ukongeza iWeChat yenkampani okanye ukungena kuluntu. Uphawu lwe-kiwifruit olungeniswe kwamanye amazwe lubangele abasebenzisi bedomain yabucala abangaphezu kwama-50,000 ngale ndlela, kwaye umthamo wentengiso yedomain yabucala yenyanga ubalwa kwi-70%.

• Ukuguqulwa Kokusebenza Okucokisekileyo: Misela inkqubo yethegi yomsebenzisi (njengomthamo wokusetyenziswa, iimeko zokusetyenziswa, iindidi ezikhethwayo), cinezela rhoqo umxholo olungiselelwe wena (njengezicwangciso zokulinganisa ibhokisi yesipho seziqhamo eziphezulu, ukukhushulwa kweholide), kwaye wenze imisebenzi efana neentsuku zamalungu, ukunyuka kokuthenga kwamaqela, kunye nezaphulelo zomsebenzisi omtsha-osebenzisa-abasebenzisi abadala ukuphucula amazinga okuthenga kwakhona. Umzekelo, uphawu lwe-organic kiwifruit olukhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla luqalise "iibhokisi zesipho ezenziwe ngokwezifiso zobulungu bonyaka" kubasebenzisi bedomeyini yabucala, ngesantya sokuthenga kwakhona se-48%, amanqaku angama-25 eepesenti aphezulu kuneso setshaneli yoluntu.

• Ulwakhiwo lwe-Closed-Loop Operation: Vula ikhonkco "lokuhambisa amanzi kwi-public domain - i-private domain precipitation - ukuguqulwa kokusetyenziswa - ukuqhekeka kwamagama ngomlomo", kwaye utsale abasebenzisi abatsha ngokwabelana ngamazwi ngomlomo ngabasebenzisi be-private domain. Ngo-2024, ama-45% abasebenzisi abatsha be-private domain yophawu lwe-organic kiwifruit bavela kwiingcebiso ezivela kubasebenzisi abadala, kwaye umthamo wentengiso wonyaka unyuke nge-80 yezigidi zeeyuan.

3. Ixabiso lokuXhobisa ngeNtsebenziswano

I-chinaenthub.com inokubonelela ngenkxaso yokusebenza kwekhonkco elipheleleyo kwiimarike zedomeyini zikarhulumente nezabucala: kwicala ledomeyini zikarhulumente, inceda ekugqibezeleni uphononongo lweziqinisekiso zokulungiswa kweqonga le-e-commerce, ukutolika imithetho yeqonga kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yekhomishini, ukunxibelelana nezixhobo zesiteshi seevenkile ezinkulu kunye neevenkile zeziqhamo, kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokwandiswa kwesiteshi; kwicala ledomeyini zabucala, ukubonelela ngoyilo lwesicwangciso sokunciphisa imvula yomsebenzisi, ukunceda ekwakheni uluntu lwe-WeChat kunye neenkqubo zamalungu, kunye nokwenza izicwangciso zokusebenza ezicociweyo; ukudibanisa iimpawu zokugcina iziqhamo ezintsha, ukunxibelelana namashishini e-logistics e-cold chain ahambelanayo, ukuphucula isicwangciso soqhagamshelo lwedomeyini ezibandayo "sokusasazwa kwedomeyini zikarhulumente - ukuhanjiswa kwedomeyini zabucala"; fanisa amashishini nesicwangciso esifanelekileyo somlinganiselo wedomeyini zikarhulumente nabucala ngokusekelwe kwidatha yemarike, umzekelo, cebisa imodeli "yokutsalwa kwedomeyini zikarhulumente + inkonzo ecociweyo yedomeyini zabucala" kwiziqhamo ezitsha eziphezulu, ukunceda amashishini angaphandle avule ngokukhawuleza imakethi yaseTshayina.

IV. Iingozi Eziphambili Zokuthobela Imithetho kunye Neendlela Zokuphepha Ukusebenzisana Ukuze Iziqhamo Zamashishini Angaphandle Zingene ETshayina

Iingozi eziphambili ezijongene neziqhamo zamashishini angaphandle angena eTshayina ziquka: iintlobo ezingavunywanga, iigadi zeziqhamo/iifektri zokupakisha ezingabhaliswanga, imvume engaphelelanga yokuvalelwa ngaphandle, ubushushu obungaphantsi komgangatho wetsheyini yokubanda, uphawu lweleyibhile olungekho semgangathweni, izalathisi zomgangatho ongaphantsi komgangatho (iintsalela zezinambuzane, iintsimbi ezinzima, izinambuzane nezifo), njl. Ngokwedatha yerhafu, ukususela ngoJanuwari ukuya kuJuni 2025, inani elipheleleyo leebhetshi ezingama-98 zeziqhamo ezingafanelekanga ezingeniswanga elizweni lonke zabanjwa kuzwelonke, apho ukufunyanwa kwezinambuzane nezifo kwaba yi-38%, uphawu lweleyibhile olungekho semgangathweni lwaba yi-25%, kwaye ubushushu obungaphantsi komgangatho wetsheyini yokubanda baba yi-18%, ezazizezona zizathu ziphambili zokungafaneleki.

1. Iingozi zokufikelela kunye nokuVunywa

Ukuba uhlobo lwesiqhamo alufakwanga kuluhlu lokufikelela lwaseTshayina, igadi yeziqhamo/umzi-mveliso wokupakisha waphesheya alukagqibi ubhaliso kwi-General Administration of Customs, okanye "iFomu yokuVunywa kokuValelwa kweZiqhamo eziNgenisiweyo" ayifumanekanga, iimpahla ziya kubuyiselwa okanye zitshatyalaliswe. i-chinaenthub.com inokubonelela ngeenkonzo zovavanyo lokufikelela kwangaphambili, iqinisekise imeko yokufikelela kweziqhamo ezivela kwilizwe ezivela kulo kunye neziqinisekiso zobhaliso lwegadi yeziqhamo/iifektri zokupakisha kwangaphambili, incede ekuzaliseni izicelo zobhaliso kunye nokuvunywa kokuvalelwa, iqinisekise ukuba izixhobo zokuvuma ziphelele kwaye ziyasebenza, kwaye iphephe iingozi zokufikelela ezibulalayo.

2. Uthotho Olubandayo kunye Neengozi Zokugcina Izityalo Zintsha

Ubushushu obungaphantsi komgangatho we-cold chain kunye namanyathelo okugcina iziqhamo ezintsha ngexesha lokuthuthwa kweziqhamo ezintsha kuya kukhokelela kumazinga okubola aphezulu kwaye kubangele ilahleko enkulu kwezoqoqosho. I-chinaenthub.com inokunceda amashishini ekwenzeni izicwangciso ze-cold chain ezihlangabezana neemfuno zomthetho zaseTshayina, ukunxibelelana namashishini ezothutho aneemfuno ze-cold chain ezintsha, ukuseka inkqubo epheleleyo yokurekhoda nokulandelela ubushushu, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubushushu buhlangabezana nemigangatho ngexesha lokuthuthwa, kunye nokulawula izinga lokubola kweziqhamo ezintsha ngaphantsi komndilili weshishini.

3. Iingozi zeLebheli kunye noMgangatho

Ukubhala iilebheli ezingabonisi inombolo yobhaliso yegadi/yefektri yokupakisha, umxholo ongaphelelanga waseTshayina, ukusilela ukucacisa iimfuno zobushushu zokugcina ubushushu obutsha, kunye neengxaki zomgangatho ezifana neentsalela ezininzi zezibulali-zinambuzane kunye nokufunyanwa kwezinambuzane nezifo kuya kukhokelela ekubuyiselweni okanye ekutshatyalalisweni kweempahla. i-chinaentryhub.com inokubonelela ngeenkonzo ezizodwa zokujonga ukuthotyelwa kweelebheli, ukujonga umxholo weelebheli ngento nganye ngokuchasene ne-GB 7718 kunye neemfuno ezikhethekileyo zeelebheli zeziqhamo ezingenisiweyo; ukunceda amashishini ekwenzeni uhlolo lomgangatho wezinto ezipheleleyo kwangaphambili, ukunxibelelana namaziko ovavanyo asekhaya nakwamanye amazwe athobelayo, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo zovavanyo ziyahlangabezana nemigangatho yesizwe saseTshayina, ukuphepha umngcipheko womgangatho kunye neelebheli.

V. Isishwankathelo kunye neMbono: Ukuphuculwa koBuchule bokungena phantsi koXhotyiso lweNtsebenziswano

Imfuno enkulu yemarike yeziqhamo yaseTshayina kunye neendlela zokuphucula ukusetyenziswa kwayo (ezifana nokugcina imveliso iphezulu, ukwenziwa kwezinto ngokwendalo, kunye nokwenza izinto zibe zezakho) zibonelela ngamathuba abanzi kumashishini angaphandle. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yokulawula engqongqo (ingakumbi yokulawula ukuvalelwa kunye nokulawula ityathanga elibandayo leziqhamo ezitsha), uyilo oluntsonkothileyo lwetshaneli, kunye nemigangatho ephezulu yokugcina izinto ezintsha zibeka phambili iimfuno eziphezulu zamandla okuthobela imithetho yamashishini kunye nobuchule bokusebenza. Iindlela ezintathu eziphambili zorhwebo ngokubanzi, i-joint venture/ukwakhiwa kwesiseko esiphethwe ngabangaphandle ngokupheleleyo, kunye ne-e-commerce ewela imida nganye ineemeko ezifanelekileyo, kwaye iimarike zoluntu nezabucala kufuneka zilungelelaniswe ukuze kufezekiswe ukungena okusebenzayo. Ngokuxhomekeke ekutolikweni okunzulu kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokulawula iziqhamo engeniswe eTshayina, amava asebenzayo enkqubo epheleleyo, amandla asemthethweni okufaka izixhobo, kunye nokuqonda ukusebenza kwemarike, i-chinaenthub.com IZiko leNkonzo yoFikelelo lweMarike yaseTshayina linokunceda amashishini angaphandle ukuba aphule ngokukhawuleza imiqobo ephambili efana novavanyo lokufikelela, ukuvunywa kokuvalelwa, ukwandiswa kwetshaneli, kunye nolawulo lwetyathanga elibandayo, kufinyezwe umjikelo wokulungiselela ophakathi wokungena eTshayina ngaphezulu kwe-45%, ngelixa kunciphisa umngcipheko wokuthobela imithetho kunye neendleko zokwandiswa kwemarike.

Kwixesha elizayo, ngokuphuculwa ngakumbi kwinqanaba lokuvulwa kweemarike zaseTshayina, ukulawulwa kweziqhamo ezingenisiweyo kuya kuba yinto eqhelekileyo kwaye ibe krelekrele, kwaye imodeli yemarike yokudibanisa imimandla yoluntu neyabucala nayo iya kuba yinto ephambili. Ukusebenzisana ne-chinaenthub.com akunakuphela nje "ukufikelela ngokukhawuleza", kodwa kunokunceda amashishini angaphandle ukuba afezekise utshintsho ukusuka "ekungeneni kwemveliso eTshayina" ukuya "ekuqaliseni uphawu" ngokucebisa ngokuqhubekayo ukuthobela imithetho, iingcebiso zokulungelelanisa imarike kunye nenkxaso yokusebenza, ithatha indawo kwimarike yeziqhamo yaseTshayina ekhuphisanayo kakhulu.